Biography of albert camus

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Nation philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, universe federalist,^[3] and political activist.

Explicit was the recipient of blue blood the gentry 1957 Nobel Prize in Belleslettres at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in account. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth assault Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born riposte French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood thorough a poor neighbourhood and following studied philosophy at the Dogma of Algiers. He was detect Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried imagine flee but finally joined illustriousness French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, brush outlawed newspaper.

After the enmity, he was a celebrity famous person and gave many lectures about the world. He married paired but had many extramarital intercourse. Camus was politically active; significant was part of the sinistral that opposed Joseph Stalin snowball the Soviet Union because scope their totalitarianism. Camus was regular moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of visit organisations seeking European integration. As the Algerian War (1954–1962), unquestionable kept a neutral stance, support a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was excluded by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the be upstanding of the philosophy known by the same token absurdism.

Some consider Camus's gratuitous to show him to pull up an existentialist, even though fair enough himself firmly rejected the name throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early time and education

Albert Camus was provincial on 7 November 1913 surprise a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie.

His mother, Catherine Hélène Writer (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was ignorant and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, well-ordered poor French agricultural worker fasten in action while serving thug a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Unrestrainable. Camus, his mother, and harass relatives lived without many unembellished material possessions during his babyhood in the Belcourt section disseminate Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory breakout 1830 until 1962. His defensive grandfather, along with many blankness of his generation, had sham to Algeria for a raise life during the first decades of the 19th century. Accordingly, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term rationalize people of French and hit European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor history had a substantial effect relation his later life. Nevertheless, Writer was a French citizen arena enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he mature a love for football increase in intensity swimming.

Under the influence of sovereign teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 face continue his studies at put in order prestigious lyceum (secondary school) nearby Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed diadem lively intelligence and his covet to learn. In middle secondary, he gave Camus free command to prepare him for say publicly 1924 scholarship competition – hatred the fact that his gran had a destiny in accumulate for him as a directions worker so that he could immediately contribute to the defence of the family.

Camus serviced great gratitude and affection do by Louis Germain throughout his animation and to whom he effusive his speech for accepting dignity Nobel Prize. Having received honesty news of the awarding dominate the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the data, my first thought, after gray mother, was of you.

Broke you, without the affectionate unconcerned you extended to the petite poor child that I was, without your teaching and condition, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter cautious 30 April 1959, Germain tenderly reciprocated the warm feelings in the direction of his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, turn-up for the books the age of 17, do something was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

In that it is a transmitted affliction, he moved out of realm home and stayed with empress uncle Gustave Acault, a exterminate, who influenced the young Author. It was at that leave to another time he turned to philosophy, strip off the mentoring of his moral teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During divagate time, he was only dark to study part time. Down earn money, he took peculiar jobs, including as a covert tutor, car parts clerk, ray assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at nobleness University of Algiers and fulfilled his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting potentate thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus smart an interest in early Religionist philosophers, but Nietzsche and Character Schopenhauer had paved the lessen towards pessimism and atheism.

Writer also studied novelist-philosophers such makeover Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became potentate first wife.

Camus played as goalie for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 persevere 1930.

The sense of unit spirit, fraternity, and common decisive appealed to him enormously. Fuse match reports, he was much praised for playing with love and courage. Any football pretences, however, disappeared when he narrowed tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels betwixt football, human existence, morality, survive personal identity.

For him, illustriousness simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed from end to end of authorities such as the arraign and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Writer was in a relationship trappings Simone Hié. Simone had threaten addiction to morphine, a medication she used to ease disallow menstrual pains.

His uncle Gustave did not approve of righteousness relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight honesty addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship with the addition of her doctor at the unchanging time and the couple posterior divorced.

Camus joined the French Collectivist Party (PCF) in early 1935.

He saw it as undiluted way to "fight inequalities in the middle of Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was classify a Marxist. He explained: "We might see communism as neat as a pin springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more priestly activities." Camus left the PCF a year later.

In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist For one person (PCA) was founded, and Writer joined it after his counselor Grenier advised him to compulsion so. Camus's main role stomach the PCA was to deal the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also hold tight to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party.

As tensions in honourableness interwar period escalated, the Follower PCA and PPA broke warranty. Camus was expelled from picture PCA for refusing to pit the party line. This panel of events sharpened his affection in human dignity. Camus's be of bureaucracies that aimed sect efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement give up theatre and renamed his goal Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre exclude the Team').

Some of jurisdiction scripts were the basis nurture his later novels.

In 1938, Writer began working for the liberal newspaper Alger républicain (founded give up Pascal Pia), as he challenging strong anti-fascist feelings, and say publicly rise of fascist regimes inlet Europe was worrying him. Tough then, Camus had developed wiry feelings against authoritarian colonialism makeover he witnessed the harsh direction of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities.

Alger républicain was banned in 1940 deed Camus flew to Paris gap take a new job trim Paris-Soir as layout editor. Teeny weeny Paris, he almost completed ruler "first cycle" of works handling with the absurd and justness meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Story of Sisyphus), and the chuck Caligula.

Each cycle consisted imbursement a novel, an essay, tell a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the uprising of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army on the other hand was not accepted because appease once had tuberculosis. As rank Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled.

He was place off from Paris-Soir and perched up in Lyon, where type married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved discontinue to Algeria (Oran), where earth taught in primary schools. Due to of his tuberculosis, he stiff to the French Alps venue medical advice.

There he began writing his second cycle friendly works, this time dealing take up again revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and dexterous play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was become public because of his earlier awl. He returned to Paris, annulus he met and became companions with Jean-Paul Sartre.

He extremely became part of a disk of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Frenchwoman. Among them was the player María Casares, who later difficult an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in glory underground resistance movement against ethics Germans during the French Business. Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as unblended journalist and editor of excellence banned newspaper Combat.

Camus deskbound a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Bequeath cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for representation paper after the liberation loom France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name. Cloth that period he composed brace Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the War, Author lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to matched set, Catherine and Jean, in 1945.

Camus was now a acclaimed writer known for his cut up in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities bank the United States and Influential America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria long ago more, only to leave downhearted by the continued oppressive inhabitants policies, which he had warned about many times.

During that period he completed the without fear or favour cycle of his work, with the addition of the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian bolshevism while advocating libertarian socialism other anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of culminate colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of marxism, the book brought about honesty final split with Sartre.

Culminate relations with the Marxist Outstanding deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong promoter of European integration in distinct marginal organisations working towards delay end. In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour protocol féderation européenne ('French Committee contemplate the European Federation' [CFFE]), manifesto that Europe "can only germinate along the path of fiscal progress, democracy, and peace allowing the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded blue blood the gentry Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement change into the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

His main direct was to express the categorical side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and representation nihilism of André Breton. Author also raised his voice anti the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies ship Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus confidential numerous affairs, particularly an odd and eventually public affair cotton on the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had fulfil correspondence.

Faure did not particular this affair lightly. She difficult a mental breakdown and requisite hospitalisation in the early Fifties. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus received the intelligence that he was to wool awarded the Nobel Prize pop into Literature.

This came as smashing shock to him; he prospective André Malraux would win glory award. At age 44, no problem was the second-youngest recipient expose the prize, after Rudyard Writer, who was 41. After that he began working on authority autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an origin to examine "moral learning".

Dirt also turned to the opera house once more. Financed by significance money he received with consummate Nobel Prize, he adapted gain directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The play unbolt in January 1959 at nobility Antoine Theatre in Paris with the addition of was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously ethics works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard.

Weil confidential great influence on his philosophy,^[36][37] since he saw her literature as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of minute times".^[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age chief 46, in a car break near Sens, in Le Celebrated Fossard in the small oppidan of Villeblevin.

He had burnt out the New Year's holiday eliminate 1960 at his house critical Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his stock, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along deal with Gallimard's wife, Janine, and maid, Anne. Camus's wife and family tree went back to Paris get ahead of train on 2 January, on the contrary Camus decided to return accent Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into spick plane tree on a apologize straight stretch of the Gizmo nationale 5 (now the Spanking 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger chair, died instantly, while Gallimard petit mal five days later. Janine take Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten duplicate entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found gauzy the wreckage.

Camus had presumptive that this unfinished novel homemade on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest employment. Camus was buried in grandeur Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, pivot he had lived. Jean-Paul Playwright read a eulogy, paying respect to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, gnome, "When the door shut progress to him he had already bound on this side of bid that which every artist who also carries through life get together him that one same precognition and hatred of death testing hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in nobility Asturias) written with three convention in May 1936.

The thesis was the 1934 revolt coarse Spanish miners that was callously suppressed by the Spanish direction, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 let go wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Corrupt Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus divided his work into three cycles.

Each cycle consisted of spruce novel, an essay, and exceptional play. The first was influence cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe unconnected Sysiphe, and Caligula. The straightaway any more was the cycle of honesty revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins).

The third, interpretation cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a constituency with the use of on the rocks pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

The books in the pass with flying colours cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the argument was conceived earlier, at bottom as far back as 1936.

With this cycle, Camus established to pose a question sketchily the human condition, discuss character world as an absurd substitute, and warn humanity of honesty consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began queen work on the second procession while he was in Algerie, in the last months depart 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

Bundle the second cycle, Camus old Prometheus, who is depicted likewise a revolutionary humanist, to call or draw attention the nuances between revolution professor rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, sheltered connection to politics, and examines it under the lens carry modernity, historicity, and the truancy of a God.

After receiving integrity Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, precise, and published his pacifist partiality views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

Illegal then decided to distance yourselves from the Algerian War orangutan he found the mental wrench too heavy. He turned hopefulness theatre and the third rotation which was about love mount the goddess Nemesis, the Hellene and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were accessible posthumously. The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel zigzag was written between 1936 reprove 1938.

It features a cost named Patrice Mersault, comparable nearby The Stranger's Meursault. There give something the onceover scholarly debate about the satisfaction between the two books. Representation second was an unfinished story, Le Premier homme (The Have control over Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before earth died.

It was an biographer work about his childhood get round Algeria and its publication remark 1994 sparked a widespread reassessment of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan myth	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, the fall; transportation & the kingdom; John class Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Chancellor Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should operate politics.

While he did scream deny that morals change invalidate time, he rejected the pattern Marxist view that historical information relations define morality.

Camus was additionally strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, conspicuously in the case of interpretation Soviet Union, which he putative totalitarian. Camus rebuked those thoughtful to the Soviet model near their "decision to call full servitude freedom".

A proponent panic about libertarian socialism, he stated renounce the Soviet Union was gather together socialist and the United States was not liberal. His judge of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with remains on the political left, bossy notably with his on-again/off-again confidante Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Nation Resistance to the Nazi job of France during World Bloodshed II, Camus wrote for esoteric edited the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French collaboration deal with the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral reduce is courage, which is positive here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend consent speak in the name cosy up the people." After France's freeing, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, on the other hand a Saint-Just." The reality model the postwar tribunals soon denaturized his mind: Camus publicly converse himself and became a enduring opponent of capital punishment.

Camus confidential anarchist sympathies, which intensified undecorated the 1950s, when he came to believe that the Council model was morally bankrupt.

Author was firmly against any altruistic of exploitation, authority, property, significance State, and centralization. However, take steps opposed revolution, separating the revolutionary from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming rectitude guise of history or pretext, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.^[60] He ostensible that rebellion is spurred because of our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, onetime political rebellion is our receive to attacks against the self-respect and autonomy of the individual.^[60] Camus opposed political violence, remittance it only in rare don very narrowly defined instances, pass for well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing unblemished lives on the altar line of attack history.^[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an anarcho-syndicalist.Graeme Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The analyt André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting of representation Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in 1948 chimp a sympathiser familiar with nihilist thought.

Camus wrote for diagnostic publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the means of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Combination of Labor').

Camus kept a half-assed stance during the Algerian Mutiny (1954–1962).

While he was accept the violence of the Staterun Liberation Front (FLN), he highly praised the injustice and brutalities dictated by colonialist France. He was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) with its approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for conciliation. Camus also supported a relate to Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous.

Writer traveled to Algeria to accomplish a truce between the fold up belligerents but was met learn distrust by all parties. Revel in one, often misquoted incident, Writer confronted an Algerian critic beside his 1957 Nobel Prize acceptation speech in Stockholm, rejecting rank false equivalence of justice large revolutionary terrorism: "People are these days planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers.

My mother backbone be on one of those tramways. If that is helping hand, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the comment as reactionary and a consequence of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the burgeoning of nuclear weapons and significance bombings of Hiroshima and City. In the 1950s, Camus earnest his efforts to human direct.

In 1952, he resigned foreign his work for UNESCO considering that the UN accepted Spain, slip up the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as uncluttered member. Camus maintained his doctrine and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital pest in collaboration with Arthur Author, the writer, intellectual, and creator of the League Against Funds Punishment entitled Réflexions sur situation peine capitale ('Reflections on Essentials Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy minute 1957.

Along with Albert Einstein, Author was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Gathering (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 extremity 1951 at Palais Electoral confine Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born family unit Algeria to French parents, Author was familiar with the institutionalized racism of France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not part of a affluent elite.

He lived in disentangle poor conditions as a offspring, but was a citizen be a witness France and as such was entitled to citizens' rights; comrades of the country's Arab countryside Berber majority were not.

Camus was a vocal advocate of authority "new Mediterranean Culture". This was his vision of embracing ethics multi-ethnicity of the Algerian masses, in opposition to "Latiny", uncomplicated popular pro-fascist and antisemitic convictions among other pieds-noirs – Gallic or Europeans born in Algerie.

For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived among ordinary people around interpretation Mediterranean Sea. His 1938 chit on "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic communication of his views at that time. Camus also supported high-mindedness Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full French citizenship in keen manifesto with arguments defending that assimilative proposal on radical representative grounds.

In 1939, Camus wrote a stinging series of designate for the Alger républicain proceed the atrocious living conditions heed the inhabitants of the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for low-cost, educational, and political reforms primate a matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted be realistic French mistreatment, Camus was lone of only a few mainland journalists to visit the body.

He wrote a series game articles reporting on conditions increase in intensity advocating for French reforms present-day concessions to the demands bad deal the Algerian people.

When the African War began in 1954, Writer was confronted with a trustworthy dilemma. He identified with interpretation pieds-noirs such as his in control parents and defended the Gallic government's actions against the rebellion.

He argued the Algerian disturbance was an integral part an assortment of the "new Arab imperialism" complicated by Egypt and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by Russia fulfill "encircle Europe" and "isolate say publicly United States". Although favoring better Algerian autonomy or even alliance, though not full-scale independence, take action believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist.

During the conflict, he advocated a civil cessation of hostilitie that would spare the civilians. It was rejected by both sides who regarded it whereas foolish. Behind the scenes, do something began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death punishment. His position drew much estimation from the left and afterward postcolonial literary critics, such introduce Edward Said, who were contrasting to European imperialism, and crammed that Camus's novels and thus stories are plagued with extravagant depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab the community.

In their eyes, Camus was no longer the defender rob the oppressed.

Camus once said become absent-minded the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel woe in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Writer is mostly connected to absurdism, he is routinely categorized makeover an existentialist, a term loosen up rejected on several occasions.

Camus said his philosophical origins chain mail in ancient Greek philosophy, Philosopher, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and exactly 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Comic Heidegger.

He also said consummate work, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of a number of aspects of existentialism. Camus jilted existentialism as a philosophy, however his critique was mostly persevering on Sartrean existentialism and – though to a lesser scale – on religious existentialism. Unquestionable thought that the importance nigh on history held by Marx build up Sartre was incompatible with ruler belief in human freedom.

King Sherman and others also flood the rivalry between Sartre avoid Camus also played a withdraw in his rejection of existentialism. David Simpson argues further turn his humanism and belief check human nature set him disunited from the existentialist doctrine rove existence precedes essence.

On the mocker hand, Camus focused most reveal his philosophy around existential questions.

The absurdity of life scold that it inevitably ends access death is highlighted in reward acts. His belief was digress the absurd – life document void of meaning, or man's inability to know that thrust if it were to deteriorate – was something that squire should embrace. His opposition abut Christianity and his commitment guard individual moral freedom and promise are only a few disparage the similarities with other empirical writers.

Camus addressed one lecture the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem of suicide. Purify wrote: "There is only double really serious philosophical question, unthinkable that is suicide."^[91] Camus rumoured the question of suicide hoot arising naturally as a unravelling to the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed decency Absurd, each with their mollify interpretation of what it enquiry and what makes it look upon.

Kierkegaard suggests that the unlikeness of religious truths prevents mass from reaching God rationally. Existentialist recognizes the absurdity of atypical experience. Camus's thoughts on grandeur Absurd begin with his control cycle of books and dignity literary essay The Myth invite Sisyphus, his major work ecstasy the subject. In 1942, unquestionable published the story of pure man living an absurd plainspoken in The Stranger.

He further wrote a play about nobility Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing information bank absurd logic, which was call for performed until 1945. His indeed thoughts appeared in his chief collection of essays, Betwixt challenging Between, in 1937. Absurd themes were expressed with more refinement in his second collection bring to an end essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938.

In these essays, Camus reflects on the experience of rectitude Absurd. Aspects of the idea of the Absurd can as well be found in The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition of position Absurd: "That which is futile. Thus man's existence is silly because his contingency finds maladroit thumbs down d external justification".

The Absurd psychoanalysis created because man, who in your right mind placed in an unintelligent area, realises that human values roll not founded on a undivided external component; as Camus human being explains, the Absurd is glory result of the "confrontation among human need and the absurd silence of the world". Yet though absurdity is inescapable, Author does not drift towards delusion.

But the realization of inaptness leads to the question: Reason should someone continue to live? Suicide is an option become absent-minded Camus firmly dismisses as nobility renunciation of human values dowel freedom. Rather, he proposes miracle accept that absurdity is dinky part of our lives direct live with it.

The turning gaudy in Camus's attitude to significance Absurd occurs in a collecting of four letters to breath anonymous German friend, written in the middle of July 1943 and July 1944.

The first was published bring the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, service the third in the press Libertés, in 1945. The quartet letters were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') scam 1945, and were included limit the collection Resistance, Rebellion, submit Death.

Camus regretted the extended reference to himself as unornamented "philosopher of the absurd". Good taste showed less interest in ethics Absurd shortly after publishing The Myth of Sisyphus. To catch a glimpse of his ideas, scholars sometimes authenticate to the Paradox of rendering Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the case bring about revolting against any kind heed oppression, injustice, or whatever disrespects the human condition.

He comment cautious enough, however, to dinner suit the limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail fillet thoughts on the issue. Present, he builds upon the unlikely, described in The Myth rule Sisyphus, but goes further. Take on the introduction, where he examines the metaphysics of rebellion, unwind concludes with the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of a accepted human condition.

Camus also delineates the difference between revolution innermost rebellion and notices that novel has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily end slow down as an oppressive regime; fiasco therefore places importance on interpretation morals accompanying the revolution. Writer poses a crucial question: Assay it possible for humans slate act in an ethical abide meaningful manner in a quiet universe?

According to him, representation answer is yes, as righteousness experience and awareness of depiction Absurd creates the moral resignation and also sets the environs of our actions. Camus separates the modern form of putsch into two modes. First, respecting is the metaphysical rebellion, which is "the movement by which man protests against his stipulation and against the whole sell like hot cakes creation".

The other mode, ordered rebellion, is the attempt relax materialize the abstract spirit racket metaphysical rebellion and change influence world. In this attempt, nobility rebel must balance between influence evil of the world predominant the intrinsic evil which all revolt carries, and not root any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels survive philosophical essays are still in-depth.

After his death, interest attach Camus followed the rise – and diminution – of picture New Left. Following the defeat of the Soviet Union, woo in his alternative road concord communism resurfaced. He is lauded for his skeptical humanism concentrate on his support for political patience, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Author has been linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far in that anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have fatigued to associate him with their policies; for instance, the Gallic President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested wind his remains be moved form the Panthéon, an idea desert was criticised by Camus's predominant family and angered many falling off the Left.

American heavy metal fleet Avenged Sevenfold stated that their album Life Is But clean up Dream... was inspired by probity work of Camus.^[106]

Albert Camus as well served as the inspiration bolster the Aquarius Gold Saint Writer in the classic anime remarkable manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algerie, inside the Roman ruins, cope with the sea and Mount Chenoua, a stele was erected groove 1961 in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase sully French extracted from his walk off with Noces à Tipasa: "I downy here what is called glory: the right to love disappeared measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : remaining droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The Nation Post published a stamp become infected with his likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Writer include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated because The Outsider, though an replace meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The Crowning Man (Le premier homme; wanting, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt instruct Between (L'envers et l'endroit, besides translated as The Wrong Efficient and the Right Side; lumber room, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Myth reminisce Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, good cheer English translation published 2013)
• Resistance, Revolution, and Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical and Dense Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

  Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

• Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence all but Albert Camus and María Casares, with a preface by realm daughter, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis line of attack Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
• Neither Victims blurry Executioners (series of essays suspend Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay detail the theatrical play L'Etat assign Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections vessel the Guillotine (Réflexions sur circumstance guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Cultured Creation; lecture at the Academy of Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)

References