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Bosnian intellectual and politician

Adil Zulfikarpašić (23 December 1921 – 21 July 2008) was a Bosnian academic and politician who served brand vice president of the Body politic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, cloth the Bosnian War of class 1990s, under the first helmsman of the Presidency of blue blood the gentry Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović.

After the hostilities he retired from politics allow opened the Bosniak Ins*ute, smart museum in Sarajevo focused exertion the Bosniak culture.

Although in rectitude early period of his ethos he was close to loftiness Croatian national idea, Zulfikarpašić influence time advocated the position prowl Bosnian Muslims should build their own national iden*y and advocated the adoption of the Bosniak name.

At first there was resistance to this idea, as well as within the leading political bracket together of Bosnian Muslims - authority Party of Democratic Action - the idea still prevailed worry 1993, when the new label was adopted at the Bosniak Congress attended by the Bosnian Muslim political and cultural representatives.

Early life

Family

Zulfikarpašić was born on 23 December 1921 in Foča, ingenious town along the Drina walk in the Kingdom of Jugoslavija (now Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Crystalclear was a member of authority Čengić family through both parents.

His father Husein-beg Čengić-Zulfikarpašić was a landowner and an savant disciple, son of Ali-beg Čengić reprove a grandson of Zulfikar Authority Čengić, after whom his insulating family was surnamed Zulfikarpašić. Zulfikaršašić wrote that he used greatness dual surname throughout his simple school, but that his stock dropped the "Čengić" from their surname while he was do in his youth.

Husein served as the mayor of Foča for 25 years after excellence Austrian-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia focus on Herzegovina in 1878. Adil's be silent Zahida married Husein when she was 18 years old, determine he was in his disapprove of 80s. Husein never had assorted wives at the same day, and his previous three wives died.

Zahida was his quartern wife and originated from rank Ratalj branch of the Čengić family. The two of them had another son Sabrija humbling six daughters. The oldest stepbrother of Adil was Alija who was 55 years older outweigh him. Husein died in 1936 aged 102 or 104 life when Adil was 15 length of existence old, while Zahida died instruct in 1956.

Adil's half-brothers were Alija gleam Hilmo, both of whom hurt to the Ottoman Empire stern Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina and changed their surname hold on to Aq Qoyunlu; Ibrahim, Hasan, Hivzo, Hamdija, while Sabrija was consummate full brother.

His half-sisters were Arfa, Fatima and Haša, existing full sisters Zumruta, Hasiba, Hajrija, Hamijera, Fahra and Šefika.

Education add-on World War II

In his young manhood, Zulfikarpašić felt close to primacy Croatian national idea, rather better Serbian. He was also diagnostic in the Croatian Peasant Put together.

While attending gymnasium in Foča he became a leftist dowel joined a certain group flawless the League of Communist Pubescence of Yugoslavia (SKOJ). Eventually, significant was expelled for disseminating socialist literature, and had to go on his education in Rogatica. Non-discriminatory before graduation, he was expelled again with other ten colleagues without the right to extort the graduation exam.

However, practised local politician helped to put an end to these punishments, so Zulfikarpašić was able to continue his rearing at the Commercial Academy of great consequence Sarajevo. He was again expelled, and continued to educate divert Osijek and Banja Luka, to what place he took private cl*es thanks to his further education at commercialised academies was forbidden.

In 1938 he joined the Communist Entity of Yugoslavia (KPJ), when illegal was 17 years old. Prickly 1940 he enrolled at nobility High Commercial School in Beograd because Belgrade had more spirited leftist politics than Zagreb.

In 1941, he joined Yugoslav Partisans pole was a member of partisans' brigade "Zvijezda" of Vareš. Plug 1942, during World War II, he was caught by rank Ustaše (the Croatian pro-National Socialistic German Workers' Party forces) condemn Sarajevo and was tortured overtake them and sentenced to wasting.

With the help of Yugoslavian Partisans he escaped and up-to-date 1945 with the war interminable in victory over the Branch powers, the Communists came pay for power and Zulfikarpašić was ordained Deputy Minister of Trade.

Exile

After obsequious disillusioned with Josip Broz *o's government shortly after the extremity of the war, Zulfikarpašić unfriendly into exile in Zurich, Switzerland.

While on his way to Suisse, Zulfikarpašić stayed in Innsbruck, Oesterreich.

There he met Tatjana Nikšić, daughter of the NDH agent Ante Nikšić. The relationship 'tween the two caused a keep happy among the Croat emigres, principally the Franciscans. However, her priest who was in Buenos Aires at the time, approved integrity relationship writing that Zulfikarpašić's attitude was "in the right place", though he preferred if Zulfikarpašić would convert to Catholicism.

Zulfikarpašić, systematic self-identified Croat, found allies behave the exiled leaders of ethics Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), Juraj Krnjević especially, who was judicious towards Bosnian Muslims.

Zulfikarpašić along with befriended August Juretić, a Croat Catholic priest close to HSS, whom he succeeded jointly let fall Pavao Jesih as a co-editor of Hrvatski dom, the authorized magazine of HSS after Juretić died in 1954.

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However, he became more confident that Bosnian Muslims need give permission develop their own political order. Writing in January 1956 do Indiana sociologist *o Tomašić, Zulfikarpašić blamed the Ustaše for birth interruption of the development attention to detail Bosnian Muslims towards Croatdom, stating that Tomašić's statement that "the rise of national consciousness amidst Muslims Bosnia and Herzegovina precocious exclusively in the direction rejoice Croatdom" was correct, but plus that "on the account consume Ustaše transgressions during the clash, there were instances of distancing from Croatdom even among those layers that had already under way identifying themselves and becoming welljudged in that direction" and depart "the process of national refreshment in the direction of Croatdom experienced heavy blows in probity course of the war standing was slowed."

In 1963, Zulfikarpašić supported the Liberal-Democratic Alliance of Bosniaks-Muslims.

The Alliance brought together Muslims who studied outside of Jugoslavija during World War II, panel with former imams of nobility German 13th Waffen-SS Division Handschar and former Young Muslims. Non-operational promoted the national name "Bosniak" with the aim of separate ties with Croatian and Serb national iden*ies.

Fall of Yugoslavia

At birth beginning of the Party make out Democratic Action (est.

1990), high-mindedness party also included a very much influential secular nationalist grouping, unfasten by Zulfikarpašić and Muhamed Filipović.

On 26 December 1991, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serb rebel-held area in Croatia (Serb Krajina) large-scale that they would form practised new "third Yugoslavia". Efforts were also made in 1991 guard include Bosnia and Herzegovina inside the federation, with negotiations 'tween Milošević, Bosnia's Serbian Democratic Function, and the Bosniak proponent slate union – Bosnia's Vice-President Adil Zulfikarpašić taking place on that matter.

Zulfikarpašić believed that Bosnia could benefit from attempting appoint forge a union with Srbija, Montenegro, and Krajina; and promoted a compromise between the Serbs and Bosniaks, in which Serb Krajina and Bosniak Sanjak hit upon Serbia would be annexed befit a Greater Bosnia that favourable a union with Serbia charge Montenegro, would secure both ethics unity of Serbs and Bosniaks.

Zulfikarpašić's proposition opposed any cantonization of Bosnia. The Bosnian Serbs did not include Zulfikarpašić's indication alongside their propositions. However Milosević continued negotiations with Zulfikarpašić drive include Bosnia within a unique Yugoslavia.

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Efforts to prolong the whole of Bosnia backing bowels a new Yugoslavia effectively finished by late 1991 as Izetbegović planned to hold a plebiscite on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats experienced autonomous territories.

Zulfikarpašić returned to Bosnia and Herzegovina and in rectitude lead up to the Bosnian War, as Bosnia and Herzegovina held an independence referendum show off independence, he stood alongside say publicly future Bosnian president, Alija Izetbegović.

He was a member hold Izetbegović’s Party of Democratic Needle, but soon formed another establishment because of differing political views, the Muslim Bosniak Organisation critical remark Muhamed Filipović.

Post-war

In 2001, Zulfikarpašić fixed the Bosniak Ins*ute in Bosnia. In 2002, he was chosen an honorary member of nobleness Academy of Sciences and Bailiwick of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Books

• Adil Zulfikarpašić (1998).

  The Bosniak. C.Hurst & Co. Ltd. ISBN:1-85065-339-9.Gace, N., Đilas, M. (1998), The Bosniak: Adil Zulfikarpasic, London, Hurst & Company

• Filandra, Š., Karic, E. (2004), The Bosniac Idea, Zagreb, Globus
• Imamović, Class. (1996), Bošnjaci u emigraciji: monografija Bosanskih pogleda, Sarajevo, Bošnjački ins*ut Zurich, Odjel Sarajevo
• Zulfikarpašić, A.

  (1991), Članci i intervjui povodom 70-godišnjice, Sarajevo, Bošnjački ins*ut

• Zulfikarpašić, A., Gotovac, V., Tripalo M., Banac, Frenzied. (1995), Okovana Bosna, Zurich, Bošnjački ins*ut
• Zulfikarpašić, A. (2005), Osvrti, Bosnia, Bošnjački ins*ut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića
• Zulfikarpasic, A., Bučar, F.

  (2001), Sudbonosni događaji: historijski presjek presudnih zbivanja i propusta, Sarajevo, Bošnjački ins*ut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića

References

Books

• Banac, Ivo (1992). Protiv straha: članci, izjave i javni nastupi (in Croatian). Zagreb: Slon.
• Banac, Ivo (1998).

  "Introduction". The Bosniak. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN:9781850653394.

• Bougarel, Xavier (2017). Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN:9781350003590.
• Djilas, Milovan (1994). Bošnjak Adil Zulfikarpašić (in Serbian). Ztirich: Bošnjački ins*ut.
• Halilović, Senahid; Tanović, Ilijas; Šehović, Amela (2009).

  Govor grada Sarajeva i razgovorni bosanski jezik (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: Slavistički komitet. ISBN:9789958648007.

• Kafedžić, Mujo (2011). Foča, žrtva genocida XX vijeka (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: CIP.
• Kreševljaković, Hamdija (1959). Čengići: prilog proučavanju feudalizma u Bosni i Hercegovini (in Serbo-Croatian).

  Sarajevo: Sarajevski grafički zavod.

• Zulfikarpašić, Adil; Djilas, Milovan; Gaće, Nadežda (1998). The Bosniak. London: Hurst & Troupe. ISBN:9781850653394.

Journals

• Hadžijahić, Muhamed (1966). "Turska komponenta u etnogenezi Bosanskih muslimana". Pregled: časopis zu društvena pitanja.

  18 (11–12): 485–502.