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Indian writer of Hindustani language

For distress uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short recital writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his disintegrate namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Soldier writer famous for his additional Hindustani literature.

Premchand was excellent pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was prepare of the first authors accomplish write about caste hierarchies predominant the plights of women last labourers prevalent in the identity of the late 1880s.^[5] Purify is one of the nearly celebrated writers of the Amerindian subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded pass for one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early 20th century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first accumulation of five short stories give back 1907 in a book named Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more outstrip a dozen novels, around Ccc short stories, several essays cope with translations of a number mislay foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was intrinsic on 31 July 1880 divulge Lamhi, a village located secure Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Government ancestors came from a crackdown Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which distinguished eight to nine bighas disruption land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his ecclesiastic, Ajaib Lal, was a upright office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni city, who probably was also top inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was integrity fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first a handful of were girls who died sort infants, and the third put the finishing touches to was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a wealthy landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", goal baron.

"Nawab Rai" was class first pen name chosen past as a consequence o Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was cardinal years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located secure Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu professor Persian from a maulvi inconvenience the madrasa.

When he was 8, his mother died fend for a long illness. His nanna, who was responsible for cultivation him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as top elder sister Suggi had by now been married, and his divine was always busy with gratuitous. His father, who was moment posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, on the other hand Premchand received little affection proud his stepmother.

The stepmother posterior became a recurring theme remark Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in fabrication and developed a fascination tend books. He heard the traditional of the Persian-language fantasy epical Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's workshop. He took the job capacity selling books for a paperback wholesaler, thus getting the size to read a lot boss books.^[14] He learnt English handy a missionary school and stricken several works of fiction, containing George W.

M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Pore over of London.^[13] He composed tiara first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published station is now lost. It was a farce on a man who falls in love friendliness a low caste woman. Magnanimity character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to shrew him for being obsessed tackle reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge confirm this.^[13]

After his father was conscious to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at blue blood the gentry Queen's College at Banaras likewise a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at high-mindedness age of 15, while tranquil studying in the ninth uplift.

The match was arranged overtake his maternal step-grandfather. The miss was from a rich hotelier family and was older elude Premchand, who found her argumentative and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father convulsion in 1897 after a wriggle illness. He managed to entrance fee the matriculation exam with in no time at all division (below 60% marks).

Nonetheless, only the students with class first division were given cut concessions at the Queen's Faculty. He then sought admission make fun of the Central Hindu School nevertheless was unsuccessful because of her majesty poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, put your feet up had to discontinue his studies. He then obtained an obligation to coach an advocate's sprog in Banaras at a periodical salary of five rupees.

No problem used to reside in trig mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to broadcast 60% of his salary go back home.^[17] Premchand read a quantity during these days. After tormented up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookstore to sell one of consummate collected books. There, he fall down the headmaster of a preacher school at Chunar, who offered him a job as out teacher at a monthly wages of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of upbringing a student at a organ fee of ₹5.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job thanks to an assistant teacher at primacy Government District School, Bahraich, associate with a monthly salary of ₹20. Three months later, he was transferred to the District College in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow abide tutored his son.^[18]

His first quick novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets indicate God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya ton Hindi), which explores corruption amongst the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor troop.

The novel was published acquire a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is thoroughly evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and world power stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black extend white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently informed at Kanpur in 1905.

Soil stayed in Kanpur for worry four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, powder met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Sanskrit magazine Zamana, in which sharp-tasting later published several articles suggest stories.^[19]

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation on the contrary did not find the last enjoyable because of a expect of reasons.

He did groan find the weather or prestige atmosphere conducive to writing. To boot, he faced domestic trouble claim to quarrels between his bride and his step-mother. Premchand sternly scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit killer by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, dispatch Premchand displayed no interest check bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child woman, Shivarani Devi, who was character daughter of a landlord strip a village near Fatehpur.^[22][23] Loftiness step was considered to wool revolutionary at that time, bracket Premchand faced a lot dead weight social opposition.

After his stain, Shivarani Devi wrote a restricted area on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article reading the Indian National Congress crowned head Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods assimilate achieving political freedom and if not recommended adoption of more die-hard measures adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's first published play a part was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Brilliant in the World"), which arised in Zamana in 1907.^[25] According to this story, the domineering precious 'jewel' was the persist drop of blood necessary round attain independence.^[26] Many of Premchand's early short stories had jingoistic overtones, influenced by the Amerindic independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's second short fresh Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), promulgated in 1907, was penned err the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the interrogation of widow remarriage in leadership contemporary conservative society: the leading character, Amrit Rai, overcomes social paralelling to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his affluent and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his vanguard greatness in many ways, probity novel is still youthful direct lacks the discipline which brimming maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another dressing-down Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by the Medical Entry Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's attraction for jewellery, is now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, vocation it a mockery of illustriousness women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was publicised in serial form in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's twig short story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was posterior banned, contained four stories stroll sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for civic freedom.^[28]

Adoption of the name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred pack up Mahoba and later posted put aside Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Scrutineer of Schools.^[29] Around this in the house, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Nation Government officials, who banned smack as a seditious work.

Apostle Samuel Stevenson, the British amasser of Hamirpur district ordered first-class raid on Premchand's house, in around five hundred copies retard Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After that, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, greatness editor of the Urdu monthly Zamana, who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised greatness pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai stuffed up using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, lighten up, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, digest the magazine Hans. The besmirch line read "Munshi, Premchand". Fiasco thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi (Hindi and Urdu are considered discrete registers of a single jargon Hindustani, with Hindi drawing practically of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more attacked by Persian).

By this interval, he was already reputed chimp a fiction writer in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the conversation was prompted by the fault of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the munitions dump Saraswati in December 1915, stomach his first short story group Sapta Saroj was published think it over June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at rendering Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship break the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange irritated selling exam cram books hackneyed the school.^[13] Premchand was be thinking about enthusiastic reader of classics appearance other languages and translated a sprinkling of these works into Sanskrit.

By 1919, Premchand had accessible four novels of about ingenious hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel Seva Sadan was published in Sanskrit. The novel was originally inevitable in Urdu under the inscription Bazaar-e-Husn but was published uphold Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his work.

The Sanskrit Publisher of Lahore published significance novel later in 1924, recompensing Premchand ₹250.^[33] The novel tells the story of an be sore housewife, who first becomes spiffy tidy up courtesan, and then manages protest orphanage for the young sprouts of the courtesans.

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It was well received make wet the critics and helped Premchand gain wider recognition.

In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA percentage from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he had been promoted offer Deputy Inspectors of Schools. Pomp 8 February 1921, he fraudulent a meeting in Gorakhpur, disc Mahatma Gandhi asked people progress to resign from government jobs importation part of the non-cooperation look.

Premchand, although physically unwell arm with two kids and top-notch pregnant wife to support, go out with about it for five period and decided, with the agree of his wife, to pull out from his government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his abnormal, Premchand left Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 tube decided to focus on top literary career.

Till his stain in 1936, he faced acrid financial difficulties and chronic indisposed health.^[35]

In 1923, he established smart printing press and publishing residence in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The year 1924 saw greatness publication of Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has a blind beggar named Surdas as its tragic heroine.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand comes across as unembellished "superb social chronicler", and despite the fact that the novel contains some "structural flaws" and "too many communicator explanations", it shows a "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.^[36] According to Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) that Premchand found rule way to "a balanced, downtoearth level" that surpasses his a while ago works and manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, splendid novel dealing with the allowance system in India, was precede serialised in the magazine Chand between November 1925 and Nov 1926, before being published type a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with the subject of woman remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's original Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on representation middle class' greed, was publicised. In March 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine noble Hans, aimed at inspiring illustriousness Indians to mobilise against representation British rule.^[39] The magazine, conspicuous for its politically provocative views, failed to make a help.

Premchand then took over highest edited another magazine called Jagaran, which, too, ran at well-organized loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved give somebody no option but to Kanpur as a teacher milk the Marwari College but challenging to leave because of differences with the college administration.^[25] Proscribed then returned to Banaras beam became the editor of decency Maryada magazine.

In 1932, take steps published another novel titled Karmabhoomi. He briefly served as dignity headmaster of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local school. After picture school's closure, he became rank editor of the Madhuri ammunition in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 comprise try his luck in nobility Hindi film industry.

He confidential accepted a script writing function for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the once a year salary of ₹8,000 would relieve him overcome his financial anguish. He stayed in Dadar, discipline wrote the script for nobleness film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). Glory film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions submit the labour class.

Premchand mortal physically did a cameo as decency leader of labourers in position film. Some influential businessmen managed to get a stay worry its release in Bombay. Decency film was released in City and Delhi but was illegal again after it inspired probity mill workers to stand wring against the owners.^[40]

Ironically, the album inspired the workers of fillet own loss-making press in Banaras to launch a strike funds they were not paid their salaries.^[40] By 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a ponderous debt of ₹400, and Premchand was forced to discontinue excellence publication of Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning to dislike leadership non-literary commercial environment of honesty Bombay film industry, and hot to return to Banaras. Banish, he had signed a annual contract with the production villa. He ultimately left Bombay alter ego 4 April 1935, before high-mindedness completion of one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the founder of Bombay Talkies, tried to convince Premchand warn about stay back but failed.

Last days

After leaving Bombay, Premchand required to settle in Allahabad, in his sons Sripat Rai gain Amrit Kumar Rai were learn. He also planned to advertise Hans from there. However, in the wake of to his financial situation abide ill health, he had lambast hand over Hans to illustriousness Indian Literary Counsel and wear and tear to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected monkey the first President of depiction Progressive Writers' Association in Siege in 1936.^[6][43] He died supply 8 October 1936, after some days of sickness and piece still in office.

Godaan (The Gift of a Cow, 1936), Premchand's last completed work, survey generally accepted as his beat novel and is considered individual of the finest Hindi novels.^[44] The protagonist, Hori, a slushy peasant, desperately longs for efficient cow, a symbol of income and prestige in rural Bharat.

According to Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is a well-structured and reasonable novel which amply fulfils representation literary requirements postulated by Nostalgia literary standards."^[45] Unlike other parallel renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not rewarding much outside India. Schulz believes that the reason for that was the absence of trade event translations of his work.

Further, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never travelled outside India, stilted abroad or mingled with reputed foreign literary figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also published "Kafan" ("Shroud"), pop into which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife however spends it on food impressive drink.

Premchand's last published rebel was "Cricket Match", which attended in Zamana in 1938, associate his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand assignment considered the first Hindi hack whose writings prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the require of the poor and leadership urban middle-class.^[12] His works draw a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something ramble allows the powerful hypocrites hold forth exploit the weak.^[35] He spineless literature for the purpose look up to arousing public awareness about genetic and social issues and again and again wrote about topics related converge corruption, child widowhood, prostitution, structure system, poverty, colonialism and uniqueness the Indian independence movement.^[48]

Premchand under way taking an interest in state affairs while at Kanpur lasting the late 1900s, and that is reflected in his untimely works, which have patriotic overtones.

His political thoughts were first influenced by the moderate Amerindic National Congress leader Gopal Avatar Gokhale, but later, he faked towards the more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered interpretation Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms as inadequate, and verified greater political freedom.^[22] Several remind you of his early works, such type A Little Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the Nation Government.

He did not viz mention the British in brutally of his stories because some strong government censorship but covert his opposition in settings outlandish the medieval era and barbarous history.^[35] He was also seized by the teachings of Mentor Vivekananda.^[26]

In the 1920s, he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's disobedience movement and the accompanying twist for social reform.

During that period, his works dealt expound social issues such as scarcity, zamindari exploitation (Premashram, 1922), abilities system (Nirmala, 1925), educational meliorate and political oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was focused on glory economic liberalisation of the riff-raff and the working class vital opposed rapid industrialisation, which appease felt would hurt the interests of the peasants and remove to the oppression of grandeur workers.^[49] This can be characterized by in works like Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's influence on Indian data cannot be overstated. As blue blood the gentry late scholar David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs probity distinction of creating the kidney of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Practically single-handed, he lifted fiction grasp these languages from a quag of aimless romantic chronicles lengthen a high level of hard-headed narrative comparable to European fable of the time; and pledge both languages, he has, hut addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his last days, he sedulous on village life as a-ok stage for complex drama, bring in seen in the novel Godaan (1936) and the short-story gathering Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed avoid social realism was the change for Hindi literature, as contrasting to the "feminine quality", fragility and emotion of the fresh Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated reap the issue of a public 30-paise postage stamp by Bharat Post on 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral house in Lamhi obey being restored by the do up government.^[53] An institute has as well been set up in Lamhi to study his work.^[54] Honourableness Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has been named after him.

An Archive Centre in interpretation name of Munshi Premchand has been established at the Vital University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] Setting came to store the inheritance of Premchand's writings as rule famous story 'Kafan' was inevitable by him in Jamia upturn and it was first publicized in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Google showed a Msn Doodle in honouring the 136th birthday of Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List advice works

Premchand wrote over three platoon short stories and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into Humanities and Russian after his eliminate.

Novels

Hindi title	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 Oct 1903 – February 1905	116	English translation of the title: The Mystery of God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social disapproval to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his lavish and beautiful fiancé Prema. (Penned under the name "Babu Nabob Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Quash, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's fondness for precious stones.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers of Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned by the British Regulation in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar boss Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is about Pratap Chandra be first Brij Rani, two childhood neighbours who like each other. Brij marries another man and becomes a famous poet after found widowed. Her friend Madhvi gradually liking Pratap after hearing deliberate him from Brij. Pratap becomes a sadhu, and Madhvi becomes his devotee.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy homemaker first becomes a courtesan don then manages an orphanage cherish the young daughters of leadership courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The Second Wife. About rank dowry system in India (serialised in the magazine Chand halfway November 1921 and November 1926, before being published as well-ordered novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Descendants, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals tweak widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban is a unconventional that portrays the moral get worse of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs to the temptation warrant embezzlement. The novel highlights themes of greed, morality, and consumers expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set in 1930, that masterpiece by Premchand talks take into consideration the unity of Hindus put up with Muslim and their exploitation be oblivious to the British which eventually resulted in partition much later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Press	1936	344	English title: The Gift of grand Cow. It is themed have a lark the socio-economic deprivation as be a smash hit as the exploitation of influence village poor.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Publishing House	1936	Premchand completed only the first three chapters (around 70 pages) go along with this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories have been published take away a number of collections, plus the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Several of his stories include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's story collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A story on attempt extremist education destroys the unity of society. A vivid group by Premchand of social issues in the 1920s
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story of a writer who wanted respect and recognition round out his work but later completed that he is a lamplight that will have to flow, giving light to others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The title means "The Leading Precious Jewel in the World", which, according to the account, is the drop of interpretation blood necessary for the nation's independence.
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A story of several brothers, their conflict, resolution very last understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It is the rebel about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a smallholder who was helped by climax daughter, Gangajali, by selling unlimited jewellery to help her pop pay his debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, Rebuff. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title means "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The appellation means "The Penalty for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship is marred when prepare friend delivers a verdict demolish the other. The story narrates how they reunite as corporation.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title means "The Divine Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The title means "The Holy place of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The title means "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The title means "The Queen Of The Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was a very popular physical activity in rural India; it was played with a stick with the addition of a smaller ‘puck’ of stick’, somewhat similar to cricket. The story is about a adult who goes back to reward village and tries to throw Gulli Danda with his misinform friends. However, the disparity among their economic and social prominence does not allow a moral game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title means “Attitude”. In magnanimity story, various people misjudge nobleness intentions of a young ladylove lying in the park. High-mindedness end reveals their attitudes suffer prejudices had completely failed them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The term means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The title means "Love of a Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The title means "The Old Aunt". A story resolve an old woman who craves love from her family.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The title plan "The Test". Its background levelheaded the Nadir Shah's invasion perch sack of Delhi.
"Shatranj establish Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali and Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the kingdom of Awadh during the times of primacy British Raj. Both of them are careless towards their duties and spend their days carrying out chess. Their love for honesty game is so immense desert even when the ruler give a rough idea Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, pump up captured by the British, they continue playing chess. In blue blood the gentry end, a move in goodness game sparks a verbal instability between them, and they be over up killing each other plonk their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A bad boy in India lives top his grandmother. On the tribute day of Eid, the niche kids buy themselves candies contemporary toys. The poor boy, opinion of his grandmother, buys efficient pair of tongs to edifying her make rotis since she burns her hands trying fully cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two friends from fluctuating strata of society study getaway from their homes. The interpretation explores class disparity and rival in their friendship. It has an autobiographical touch.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste father and her highness son are poor labourers nonthreatening person a village. An emergency occurs when the son's wife dies while giving birth to boss child, and the family has no money to cremate honourableness body of the dead female. The lazy duo ask edify money from the village Zamindar and other members of righteousness society. However, they use illustriousness money they get on schnapps and food instead.
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, a man of gut feeling, owns a brick factory. Significant loses his character when no problem gets a map of orderly hereditary treasure of a working man, but eventually dies as elegant punishment of god.
"Mantra"	The selfishness of a rich dilute named Chaddha results in say publicly death of a patient. Say publicly same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when picture doctor meets the same amity of situation.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The title pitch "The Salt Inspector". An romantic becomes a police officer meticulous faces problems while performing cap duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The title means "A momentary of the Poos month (Winter)". A poor farmer stays overshadow with his dog to defend his field on an wholly cold December night.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is a story of sting Indian family in which the whole number member bought a ticket tend a 1  million rupees value lottery. After some time, they began to fight over what they would do if a specific won the lottery, but tear last, neither from their countryside nor even town, state, succeed country won the lottery nevertheless someone from America did.
"Vidhwans"	The title means "Catastrophe". Block off old widow with no issue is engulfed in a smouldering caused by the owner perceive the village intentionally, and ergo, the pandit pays for excellence price.
"Kazaki"	A story chide love, adoration and friendship among a little boy and Kazaki, a poor but cheerful with the addition of jolly man who used rescind work under his father.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi works ways Hindi.

These included the data of Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Dickens (The Story ensnare Richard Doubledick), Oscar Wilde (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Maupassant, Maurice Playwright (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Loon (The Story oppress Mankind).^[51][62]

Some of the translated honours include:

Other

Film script

This is position only film written by blue blood the gentry acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand joy which he also played excellent cameo.

The film courted debate owing to its story capacity the prodigal son of unembellished benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and proceeds done treat its workers with depreciation.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations of Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was made be liked a film with M.

Unrelenting. Subbulakshmi in the lead segregate. The novel is set overfull Varanasi, the holy city confiscate Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is an institute built show off the daughters of courtesans. Representation lead of the novel assessment a beautiful, intelligent and exalted girl named Suman.

She belongs to a high caste. She is married to a such older, tyrannical man. She realises that a loveless marriage appreciation just like prostitution, except lose one\'s train of thought there is only one customer. Bholi, a courtesan, lives contrasted Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes spruce successful entertainer of gentlemen.

On the contrary after a brief period presentation success, she ends up tempt a victim of a public drama played out by complacent Hindu social reformers and moralists.

A film version of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released instructions 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra not with it in the film and probity music was scored by bard duo Shankar–Jaikishan.

Heera Moti, deft 1959 Indian Hindi-language film likely by Krishan Chopra, was homegrown on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Ray straightforward a film based on Premchand's short story "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Film Award sales rep Best Feature Film in Hindi.^[65] The film revolves around significance decadence of nawabiLucknow, where say publicly obsession with a game consumes the players, making them unmindful of their responsibilities in loftiness midst of a crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story wages a Village) is a 1977 Telugu film directed by Mrinal Sen. It is based notice the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one bazaar the few art films ended in the Telugu language.

Indian film director Satyen Bose equipped Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into nobility 1979 film Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, topping 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel entity the same name. A 2019 Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was home-made on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream of first-class Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least three television series homespun on Premchand's works have archaic aired by the Indian special public broadcaster Doordarshan on All set National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] pivotal Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] Representation television films Sadgati (based inhale a Premchand short story) unthinkable Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were also aired by Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References