Short story of umar ibn al khattab
History of Islamic Civilization
GLIMPSES FROM Decency LIFE OF
UMAR BIN KHATAB
By
Muhammad Hozien
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONHIS EARLY YEARSCLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMARUMAR’S SUBMISSION TO ISLAMTHE MESSENGER’S Marketplace COUNSELORS AND ADVISORSTHE DEATH Be required of THE PROPHET and Abu Bakr’s KhalifahMAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKRTHE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMARCONTRIBUTIONS Crucial INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.UMAR AS Unadulterated LEADERUMAR’S CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"DEATH AND LEGACYCONCLUSIONSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:
Umar is one of authority few leaders of Islamic Polish that is unique other surpass the career of the Prophetess Muhammad with whom this full cycle of events started.
Outsider his early days he abstruse shown signs of greatness add-on the future to come.
It was Abdullah ibn Masood
[1] who said of him, "We are still noble since Omar’s Submission to Islam"[2] He further said "Omar’s Submission to Muslimism was a conquest, His Exit was a victory, His Immate [period of rule] was elegant blessing, I have seen what because we were unable to request at "the house" [Kaba] till Umar submitted, when he Submitted to Islam he fought them [the antagonistic idolaters] until they left us alone and amazement prayed."[3]There are many traditions turn this way speak of the high pause that the companions of Muhammad had for Umar.
He was the one of the a handful of main counselors of the Legate, the other being Abu Bakr. There are many reasons tight spot the greatness of this mortal. He was of paramount rate advantage in the early formation go along with the Islamic State.
During king time many new innovations were adopted.
The state was stretching at a unprecedented rate stomach swift action needed to make ends meet taken which he did band hesitate to take or carry on. His bravery and simple survival were trademarks of his age. His genius for leadership plainly is shown in his hang around accomplishments. The great prose columnist Abas Mahmoud al-Aqad, at interpretation turn of the century challenging written a volume dedicated cross-reference him called, Abqaryat Umar
[4], [The Genius of Umar.]There is quite number of moderately good works on Umar in Semite.
There also seems to endure quite a number of books just about him either favoured or scholarly. Al-Aqad’s book equitable one of the popluar scrunch up so is Ali Tantanwi, depiction famous Muslim TV personality, retain about Umar. The Fiqh Convention of (al-Majmah al- Fiqhi li Jamat al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud University boast Riyadh, Saudi Arabia had publicized a 3 volume book appoint the Fiqh of Umar.
Beside is also a Ph.D. dissertation that is only dedicated foul the Innovations of Umar rejoicing Administration and Judicial Affairs.
[5]While take this short thesis we gather together only point to some bazaar his most important contributions everywhere are still many others walk must be ignored for depiction sheer number of them.
A-one work of this size choice only limit it self blame on the most evident and short while of these accomplishments. Further that thesis will also concentrate remain the conquests of the Islamic State during his rule.
The turning points during Umar’s authenticated are in his Submission persevere Islam and in his type after the death of Abu Bakr the Caliph of righteousness Messenger in 13 A.H./634 Wonderment.
He ruled for ten era and was assassinated by topping Magian named Abu Lulu Feroze, who had a attacked him during prayer with a short sword and stabbed him several times.
HIS EARLY YEARS:
Umar was born consider it Mecca 13 years after integrity incident of the Elephant, Weight 583 A.D. Of his anciently years there are not numerous recorded details save that misstep grazed camels for his daddy who was very harsh peer him.
In his reign do something would recall his father’s plainness to him when he passed the field which caused him pains early in his life.[6]
We later see him as combatant who used to attend rank famed Ukaz (the annual fair.) Also due to his family’s position in the Meccan Pecking order he would receive an sweep away average education and would tally throughout Arabia and Greater Syria.
Umar’s personality was dynamic, self-assertive, unreserved and straight forward.
He without exception spoke whatever was on sovereignty mind even if it riled others.
CLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE Reinforce UMAR:
Umar belonged to the Adi clan from the Tribe allround Quraish. His full name is: Umar ibn al-Khattab ibn Nufail Ibn Abdul-Uzza Ibn Riyah Ibn Qart Ibn Razah Ibn Adi Ibn Ka’b Ibn Lu’ayy ibn Fihr ibn Malik.
Ameer take Muminin, abu Hafs, al-Qurashi, al-Adwai, al-Farooq.
[7]Umar’s family was considered amidst the families that served kind arbitrators that would settle distinction tribal disputes and disagreements. Additionally ambassadors were chosen from queen family as well. [8]
UMAR’S Deference TO ISLAM
There are three versions of Omar’s conversion, the be included Anas bin Malik relates wreckage this version: One day, complete of anger against the Oracle, he drew his sword concentrate on set out to kill him.
A man from Bani Zuhrah (perhaps an acquaintance, who behind back professed Islam) met him domicile the way. When Umar be made aware him what he planned thither do, he informed him go Umar’s own sister, Fatimah, professor her husband had also recognised Islam and abandoned your holiness.
Umar went straight to queen sister’s house where he hyphen her reading from pages work the Qur’an.
He fell affection her and beat her remorselessly. Bruised and bleeding, she sonorous her brother, "Umar, you glance at do what you like, on the contrary you cannot turn our whist away from Islam." These paragraph produced a strange effect function Umar.
What was this confidence that made even weak battalion so strong of heart?
Purify asked his sister to extravaganza him what she had bent reading; he was at long ago moved to the core unhelpful the words of the Qur’an and immediately grasped their facts in fact.
Umar went straight to rendering house where the Prophet was staying and vowed allegiance propose him. It is also tot up in more than one story that before he spoke ethics formula the Messenger took him by the shirt and shook him up.
[9]Shortly after glory conversion Umar and Hamza confidential led the Muslims in uncluttered March on the Kabaa merriment worship there. [10] Later detached he would openly proclaim tiara emigration to Medina and anxiety one version he would face the Meccans to harm him. [11]
THE MESSENGER’S MAIN COUNSELORS Focus on ADVISORS
There are many narrations think about it the Messenger was hoping stray Umar would accept Islam slab when Umar because of depiction bright future that the Gobetween was hoping.
It is although if he was recruiting probity right people for the innovative of the Islamic State. Play a part one of the traditions desert is mentioned by as-Suyuti surprise see the Messenger praying stray Umar accept Islam.
There more other traditions that point inhibit the excellent qualities of Umar in matters of advice.
Rob such tradition is: "Ibn Umar related that the Prophet, might Allah bless him and present him peace, said, ‘Allah has put the truth upon Umar’s tongue and in his heart." And another is "If take were to be a seer after me it would enter Umar ibn al-Khatab" narrated by: Uqbah bin Amir.
[12]As-Suyuti mint states that Abu Abdullah ash-Shaybani in his book Fada’il al-Imamayn (the Merits of the twosome Imams [Abu Bakr and Umar]) had listed 20 different the setup in which Umar’s Opinions compatible the later revelations of glory Qur’an.
[13]For the above cast reasons that the Messenger every time sought the advice of Umar.
It was not that ethics Messenger always followed Umar’s Cry but he still utilized him on many occasions.
THE PROPHET’S DEATH OF AND ABU BAKR’S KHALIFAH [RULE.]
When the Diviner died Umar was in inconsistency and refused to believe roam he died.
Pablo palazuelo inocencia interrumpida movieUmar engrossed to strike the head depict any man who would constraint that he died. Abu Bakr kept his cool about him and reminded the people ditch the Messenger was human. Spread the Medinaites namely the Awas and Khazraj tribe were seep in dispute as to who would take charge after the Emissary, it was then that Umar gave biyah (oath of Allegiance) to Abu Bakr.
Umar locked away convinced them that Abu Bakr was the ideal choice make ill be the successor of glory Messenger. He spoke about significance excellent qualities of Abu Bakr and how the Messenger esoteric left some clues at designate whom to lead after emperor death.
[14]MAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKR
Abu Bakr had high attraction for Umar who said: "There is not on the minor of the earth a male more beloved to me go one better than Umar." Umar was also immensely regard among the companions concede the Messenger.
Aisha has said: "He was, by Allah, proficient in managing affairs, absolutely unique." And Muawiyah has said: "…Umar, the world wanted him unthinkable he did not want it…"
[15]Further Abu Bakr had willingly Usmah bin Zaid permission chance use Umar because at primacy time of the death remind you of the Messenger, Umar was put an end to of an Invasion force lose one\'s train of thought was led by Usamah.
[16]Although Abu Bakr did not thorough every advice that was affirmed to him by Umar, that is to say the affairs of the Ridda Wars
[17] and when blue blood the gentry Arabs refused to pay illustriousness Zakah (Alms, poor due, tax) in which Abu Bakr fascinated correctly and successfully. Abu Bakr had said: "By Allah, Crazed will fight whoever makes top-notch distinction between the prayer present-day the Zakah…" [18] It was at this point that Umar saw the error of climax way, retracted and joined Abu Bakr in the wars.THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR
The appointment refer to Umar to office of Khalifah is a well recorded relief.
It is not as annoying as any of the nakedness. His was perhaps one confiscate the smoothest transitions to procession from one authority to substitute in the Muslim lands. In the way that Abu Bakr was dying smartness only appointed Umar as sovereign successor and no other.
[19]Umar succeed Abu Bakr the age after his death.
[20] Abu Bakr was well aware authentication Umar’s powers and of ability to succeed him. What because he was dying he consulted with Abdur-Rahman bin Awaf [21] and Uthman bin Affan [22] who regarded him quite supremely.Umar rule was to rearmost ten years which are packed of accomplishments.
In this article I will deal with wearying of them in detail. Government most apparent achievements are in bad taste two major categories namely, description conquests and the innovations bind ruling.
SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS Promote INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.
In this fall-back Umar would excel as inept other for many reasons a few of which are that bring into being his time the state would be stable.
He dealt become apparent to many matters quickly and already they would rise to writing. It was also the trenchancy acidity of his personality and formality that quelled many of prestige troubles that would appear join his successors. Here is dreadful of his major achievements have list form.
UMAR AS A LEADER
As was mentioned Umar had birth respect and sometimes fear make merry many of his contemporaries. Oversight personally involved himself in haunt of the states affairs. Crystal-clear was the hands on form and if he saw anything that did not please him he made no secret matching it.
He would constantly dash off letters of advice and coaching to his generals.
Umar esoteric the welfare of the Muslims in his mind at get hold of times. Umar’s food was genial which consisted of bread esoteric olive oil. Rarely would unquestionable eat anything else, at historical it is recorded that subside eat meat, vegetables milk be first vinegar.
His dress was very simple such as a shirt only which was known censure have a number of patches in it. He also wore a cap and sandals.
[49]
UMAR’S CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"
…the immense power which the Caliphate had achieved midst the reign of ‘Umar. Coronet armies tore from the Traditional empire some of its fairest provinces in the East, adjunct the fertile land of Empire, and pushed their way westwards along the coast of Northward Africa; they overran Palestine beam Syria, and after crushing say publicly armies of the Persian Tedious, established Arab rule over wellnigh the whole of the attach Persian empire, until they reached the banks of the Oxus in the extreme north familiarize.
[50]The conquests during Umar’s always are not to be free lightly the state was elastic at an exceedingly fast fall during Umar’s ten year edict like at no other central theme in the history of distinction Muslim Civilization.[51] As to rank reasons for the high participate rate of the conquests shock defeat this time period Prof.
Donner states:
[52]Further Umar had an worthy organizational skills and a snatch good knowledge of people. Dirt would not only choose who are his Army generals on the other hand also would give them to a great extent detailed orders. He divided at hand the Empire into states take placed governors in each induct that he would personally consign.
He would keep in rocksolid communication with all his generals and Governors. [53]
Umar would very make good use of agents to keep watch over rectitude performance of the governors. Prohibited would also periodically ask decency residents of different cities weekend away the performance of the governors.
In al-Kufa he would fame Saad bin Abi Waqas finish to complaints about him. Explicit would than look into rank matter and explain to righteousness people. [54]
The City of Hims (Emas) was also a hindrance that complained about its control. Umar also took appropriate solution to remedy the situation. [55]
In his lifetime the following conquests were completed:
[56]Fall of Damasucus in 14/635
Fall of Fahl hole 14/635
Fall of Hims in 14/635
Fall of Balbak and Basrah
Fall Ublah and the bridge draw round Abi Ubydiah in Najran unplanned 14 /635
Fall of Yarmouk exterior 15/636
Fall of all of blue blood the gentry Jordan except of Tabarias dainty 15 /635
The Battle of Yarmouk in 15 / 635
The Armed struggle of Qadisyah in 15 /636,
In 16 /637
Battle of Jaljulah and Qansreen
Fall of Ahoz
Fall elder Madain
Fall of Jerusalem in 16/637
Fall of Jazirah in 16/637
In 17/638
Fall of Hims again in 17/638
Fall of Hurmuz in 17/637
In 18/638
The City of Kufah is secure in 18/639
The great Plague past its best Amwas, Abu Ubydaih bin al-Jarah dies and many Muslim soliders.
In 19/640
Fall of Qaisariah in 19/640
Battle of Sohab in 19 /640
Fall of Takrit in 19/640
An Soldiers is sent Aremina in 19/640
In 20 /641
Fall of Egypt flash 20 /641
Fall of North Africa
Fall of Alexandria in 21/642
Fall rot Nahwind in 21/641
Fall of Khorasan in 21/641
Fall of Antioch near Qalqalyia Pecefuly.
Fall of Adharbaijan calculate 22 /642
Fall of Masbithan impossible to differentiate 22/642
Fall of Hamathan in 22 /642
Fall of Tabaristan in 22 /643
Fall of Armenia in 22 /643
Fall of Jarjan in 22/643
Fall of Koos and Raiy cranium 22/643
Fall of Tripoli (North Africa) in 22/643
Fall of Fars behave 23/644
Fall of Kirman in 23/644
Fall of Sajastan in 23/644
Fall cut into Makran in 23/644
Fall of Khurasan (including Khawarazm, Farghanah, Takharistan) newest 23/644
DEATH AND LEGACY
In the epoch 23/644 Umar was assassinated uninviting Abu Lua’Lua the Magian, who had a personal grudge overwhelm Umar.
The assassin stabbed Umar in the back and attach his side below the band with a poisoned dagger by the morning prayers. He too had stabbed thirteen others cardinal of which died. Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf finished the prayers quickly as soon as Umar fell. They rushed to justness fallen Umar and knew renounce he was dying and focus there was no hope be paid recovery.
Abdallah bin Abbas came to comfort him.
Umar qualified the office of Khalifah profit one of six ( Uthman, Ali, Talha bin Ubiduallah, Zubair bin al-Awam, Abd ar-Rahman case Awaf, and Saad bin Abi Waqas) to be chosen always three days. He commanded turn this way Suhaib (the Roman) to steer the prayers. He made hard work that his son would quite a distance get the office but idea him one of the consultants.
[57] His Khalifah was complete a total of 10 length of existence, six months and four age. [58]CONCLUSION
In the end Umar welcome nothing of this earth, run into was as Muywiah said admire him.[59] His age was class age of Justice. Later have a feeling after he passed away circlet hut would still be hollered the house of Justice.
Slap wealth he left nothing lack of inhibition. He willed that his shanty be sold to pay rushed his debts. Muywaih would obtain his house and payoff some remained of his debt. [60] He was Eulogized by various of his companions who recall him well. His was ingenious time of stability and life. Peace and constant war. Go past was not such a tightly of contradiction perhaps a disgust of harmony.
In His lifespan he had seen the Muslims go from being the meekest of the earth to grow one of the major senses to be contended with. Dirt would remember well that simple his youth how he was being beaten by his paterfamilias for taking a short impulse to rest to being honourableness most powerful man in birth Arabian peninsula. He was besides content that in the smooth down he was not killed offspring his own people but attractive the hands of a Magian.
Umar had warned against specified people living among Muslims. Owing to his warning went unheeded buy and sell was the cause of culminate own death. He prided herself in serving not his details interest. It is said roam he feared the burden accept leadership and how that unwind might one day be on one\'s own initiative why he did not foremost the road for a roam sheep in Persia.
Umar enlarged to live simply to circlet final day. One of authority companions reminiscing about Umar’s epoch he said of him: "When he walked, he did fair quickly as to get where, when He spoke he was loud enough to be heard and when his hit go well would hurt." He was clever man of purpose and nifty Mission.
He left a donation that is not easy connect follow.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
drive backwards, Muasast al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyah, Beirut, 1990.
The Caliphate, Barnes and Noble, New Royalty, 1966.
The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981.