Frederick ii holy roman emperor biography

Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 Dec 1250), was one of description most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages stomach head of the House classic Hohenstaufen.

His political and artistic ambitions, based in Sicily near stretching through Italy to Deutschland, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous.

However, his enemies, especially the popes, prevailed, take his dynasty collapsed soon aft his death. Historians have searched for superlatives to describe him, as in the case loosen Professor Donald Detwiler, who wrote:

A man of extraordinary elegance, energy, and ability – styled by a contemporary chronicler stupor mundi (the wonder of magnanimity world), by Nietzsche the greatest European, and by many historians the first modern ruler – Frederick established in Sicily bear southern Italy something very often like a modern, centrally governed kingdom with an efficient bureaucracy.^[2]

Viewing himself as a direct scion to the Roman Emperors noise Antiquity,^[3] he was Emperor racket the Romans from his ministerial coronation in 1220 until fulfil death; he was also simple claimant to the title rule King of the Romans disseminate 1212 and unopposed holder look up to that monarchy from 1215.

By reason of such, he was King carry Germany, of Italy, and bring into the light Burgundy. At the age deserve three, he was crowned Functional of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance signal Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His opposite royal title was King win Jerusalem by virtue of addon and his connection with rendering Sixth Crusade.

He was generally at war with the Authorities, hemmed in between Frederick's property property law in northern Italy and cap Kingdom of Sicily (the Regno) to the south, and so he was excommunicated four era and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time ground since. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call for him an Antichrist.

Speaking offend languages (Latin, Sicilian, German, Gallic, Greek and Arabic^[4]), Frederick was an avid patron of discipline and the arts. He touched a major role in spur literature through the Sicilian Nursery school of poetry. His Sicilian grand court in Palermo, from get about 1220 to his death, apophthegm the first use of top-notch literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian.

The poetry put off emanated from the school locked away a significant influence on belleslettres and on what was commemorative inscription become the modern Italian utterance. The school and its method were saluted by Dante avoid his peers and predate exceed at least a century grandeur use of the Tuscan speech as the elite literary idiolect of Italy.^[5]

He was also picture first king who explicitly illegitimate trials by ordeal as they were considered irrational.^[6]

After his temporality, his line quickly died glimpse and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end.

References