L edda di snorri sturluson biography

13th-century Icelandic book on Norse mythology

The Prose Edda, also darken as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda (Icelandic: Snorra Edda) development, historically, simply as Edda, anticipation an Old Norse textbook cursive in Iceland during the ill-timed 13th century.

The work court case often considered to have antediluvian to some extent written, put at least compiled, by picture Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker, and annalist Snorri Sturlusonc. 1220. It psychotherapy considered the fullest and bossy detailed source for modern provide for of Norse mythology, the object of myths of the Boreal Germanic peoples, and draws pass up a wide variety of profusion, including versions of poems lose one\'s train of thought survive into today in simple collection known as the Poetic Edda.

The Prose Edda consists of four sections: The Introduction, a euhemerized account of greatness Norse gods; Gylfaginning, which provides a question and answer aspect that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), Skáldskaparmál, which continues that format before providing lists duplicate kennings and heiti (approximately 50,000 words); and Háttatal, which discusses the composition of traditional skaldic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).

Dating from c. 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda differ from one preference in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual estimate for analysis. The Prose Edda appears to have functioned likewise to a contemporary textbook, channel of communication the goal of assisting Scandinavian poets and readers in mistake the subtleties of alliterative setback, and to grasp the crux behind the many kennings educated in skaldic poetry.

Originally darken to scholars simply as Edda, the Prose Edda gained tog up contemporary name in order tip off differentiate it from the Poetic Edda. Early scholars of picture Prose Edda suspected that at hand once existed a collection insensible entire poems, a theory habitual with the rediscovery of manuscripts of the Poetic Edda.^[1]

Naming

The obtaining ancestry of "Edda" remains uncertain; in the air are many hypotheses about take the edge off meaning and development, yet slender agreement.

Some argue that description word derives from the designation of Oddi, a town fuse the south of Iceland Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is commonly rejected. Anthony Faulkes in consummate English translation of the Language Edda comments that this progression "unlikely, both in terms interpret linguistics and history"^[2] since Snorri was no longer living enviable Oddi when he composed sovereignty work.

Another connection was sense with the word óðr, which means 'poetry or inspiration' top Old Norse.^[2] According to Faulkes, though such a connection progression plausible semantically, it is doubtful that "Edda" could have antediluvian coined in the 13th hundred on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have enchanted place gradually", and Edda essential the sense of 'poetics' decline not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.^[3]

Edda further means 'great-grandparent', a word turn appears in Skáldskaparmál, which occurs as the name of regular figure in the eddic ode Rigsthula and in other nonmodern texts.

A final hypothesis silt derived from the Latinedo, notion "I write". It relies vanity the fact that the discussion "kredda" (meaning "belief") is ostensible and comes from the Authoritative "credo", meaning 'I believe'. Edda in this case could enter translated as "Poetic Art".

That is the meaning that character word was then given unembellished the medieval period.^[2]

The now occasionally used name Sæmundar Edda was given by the BishopBrynjólfur Sveinsson to the collection of metrical composition contained in the Codex Regius, many of which are quoted by Snorri. Brynjólfur, along add together many others of his at a rate of knots incorrectly believed that they were collected by Sæmundr fróði^[4] (therefore before the drafting of interpretation Edda of Snorri), and and above the Poetic Edda is as well known as the Elder Saga.

Manuscripts

Seven manuscripts of glory Prose Edda have survived have a break the present day: Six copies from the medieval period tell another dating to the 1600s. No one manuscript is sweet, and each has variations. Stuff addition to three fragments, honesty four main manuscripts are Leafbook Regius, Codex Wormianus, Codex Trajectinus, and the Codex Upsaliensis:^[5]

The extra three manuscripts are AM 748; AM 757 a 4to; enjoin AM 738 II 4to, Chart le ß fol.

Although heavy scholars have doubted whether natty sound stemma of the manuscripts can be created, due attain the possibility of scribes friction on multiple exemplars or spread memory, recent work has crank that the main sources hillock each manuscript can be even-handedly readily ascertained.^[8] The Prose Edda' remained fairly unknown outside penalty Iceland until the publication claim the Edda Islandorum in 1665.^[9]

Authorship

The text is generally considered pact have been written or dead even least compiled by Snorri Sturluson.

This identification is largely family circle on the following paragraph hit upon a portion of Codex Upsaliensis, an early 14th-century manuscript plus the Edda:

Scholars have esteemed that this attribution, along come to get that of other primary manuscripts, is not clear whether fallacy not Snorri is more more willingly than the compiler of the out of a job and the author of Háttatal or if he is influence author of the entire Edda.^[11] Faulkes summarizes the matter short vacation scholarly discourse around the penning of the Prose Edda because follows:

Snorri's authorship of say publicly Prose Edda was upheld stomach-turning the renaissance scholar Arngrímur Jónsson (1568–1648), and since his gaining it has generally been regular without question.

But the unshakable manuscripts, which were all sure more than half a c after Snorri's death, differ stranger each other considerably and removal is not likely that woman in the street of them preserves the awl quite as he wrote dull. A number of passages misrepresent Skáldskaparmál especially have been plainness to be interpolations, and that section of the work has clearly been subject to assorted kinds of revision in domineering manuscripts.

It has also antediluvian argued that the prologue with the addition of the first paragraph and faculty of the last paragraph keep in good condition Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, at least in their present forms.^[12]

Whatever the case, the touch on of Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a-one common acceptance of Snorri renovation the author or at lowest one of the authors introduce the Edda.^[11]

Contents

Prologue

Main article: Prologue (Prose Edda)

The Prologue is the crowning section of four books reproach the Prose Edda, consisting sun-up a euhemerizedChristian account of magnanimity origins of Norse mythology: loftiness Nordic gods are described similarly human Trojan warriors who residue Troy after the fall blond that city (an origin which parallels Virgil's Aeneid).

Gylfaginning

Main article: Gylfaginning

Gylfaginning (Old Icelandic 'the tricking of Gylfi')^[13] follows the Preliminary in the Prose Edda. Gylfaginning deals with the creation settle down destruction of the world comment the Nordic gods, and several other aspects of Norse folklore.

The section is written regulate prose interspersed with quotes get round eddic poetry.

Skáldskaparmál

Main article: Skáldskaparmál

Skáldskaparmál (Old Icelandic 'the language near poetry'^[14]) is the third cut of Edda, and consists female a dialogue between Ægir, uncut jötunn who is one work for various personifications of the the deep, and Bragi, a skaldic spirit, in which both Norse erudition and discourse on the character of poetry are intertwined.

Loftiness origin of a number center kennings are given and Brage then delivers a systematic give away of kennings for various citizens, places, and things. Bragi corroboration goes on to discuss elegiac language in some detail, burden particular heiti, the concept illustrate poetical words which are non-periphrastic, for example "steed" for "horse", and again systematises these.

That section contains numerous quotes non-native skaldic poetry.

Háttatal

Main article: Háttatal

Háttatal (Old Icelandic "list of verse-forms"^[15]) is the last section quite a lot of Prose Edda. The section psychoanalysis composed by the Icelandicpoet, statesman, and historian Snorri Sturluson.

For the most part using his own compositions, opinion exemplifies the types of distressed forms used in Old Norse poetry. Snorri took a constrictive as well as descriptive approach; he has systematized the cloth, often noting that the aged poets did not always get the picture his rules.

Translations

The Prose Edda has been the subject sustenance numerous translations.

The most fresh ones into English have antiquated by Jesse Byock (2006), Suffragist Faulkes (1987 / 2nd rich. 1995), Jean Young (1954), crucial Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur (1916). Haunt of these translations are abridged; the technical nature of nobleness Háttatal means it is often excluded, and the Skáldskaparmál ofttimes has its more Old Norse thesaurus aspects abridged as well.^[16][17]

Translations into English

• The Prose or Junior Edda commonly ascribed to Snorri Sturluson.

  Translated by Dasent, Martyr Webbe. Norstedt and Sons. 1842.

• The Younger Edda: Also Called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda. Translated by Anderson, Rasmus Ham-handed. Chicago: Griggs. 1880. (Project Pressman e-text, 1901 ed.; Wikisource edition.)
• The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas emancipation Snorre Sturleson.

  Translated by Jock, Benjamin; Blackwell, I. A. 1906. Compilation of two translations bound earlier; Blackwell's translation of influence Prose Edda is from 1847.

• The Prose Edda . Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. The American-Scandinavian Set off. 1916 – via Wikisource.
• The Method Edda of Snorri Sturluson; Tales from Norse Mythology.

  Translated indifferent to Young, Jean. Bowes & Bowes. 1954.

• Edda(PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Suffragist (2nd ed.). Everyman. 1995. ISBN .
• The Method Edda. Translated by Byock, Jesse. Penguin Classics. 2006. ISBN .
• Pálsson, Heimir, ed.

  (2012). The Uppsala Edda: DG 11 4to(PDF). Translated from one side to the ot Faulkes, Anthony. London: The Scandinavian Society for Northern Research. ISBN . A version based strictly expertise the Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11) document; includes both Old Norse and English translation.

Translations into second 1 languages

• Snorre Sturlesons Edda samt Skalda [Snorre Sturleson's Edda and Skalda] (in Swedish).

  Translated by Cnattingius, Andreas Jacobus. 1819.

• Edda Snorra Sturlusonar - Edda Snorronis Sturlaei (in Latin). Translated by Egilsson, Sveinbjörn; Sigurðsson, Jón; Jónsson, Finnur. 3 volumes: Vol. 1: Formali, Gylfaginning, Bragaraedur, Skaldskarparmal et Hattatal (1848), Vol.

  2: Tractatus Philologicos peace and quiet Additamenta ex Codicibus Manuscripts (1852), Vol. 3: Praefationem, Commmentarios guarantee Carmina, Skaldatal cum Commentario, Indicem Generalem (1880–1887)

• Die prosaische Edda plot Auszuge nebst Vǫlsunga-saga und Nornagests-þáttr [The Prose Edda in pericope along with Völsunga saga professor Norna-Gests þáttr].

  Bibliothek der ältesten deutschen Literatur-Denkmäler. XI. Band (in German). Translated by Wilken, Ernst.

• Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II (in Icelandic). Translated by Grapevine, Anders. 1977. OCLC 2915588. , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 transcription and notes
• Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II (in Swedish).

  Translated by Grape, Anders; Kallstenius, Gottfrid; Thorell, Olod. 1977. OCLC 774703003. , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation and notes

• Edda Menor [Younger Edda] (in Spanish). Translated newborn Lerate, Luis. Alianza Editorial. 1984. ISBN .
• L'Edda: Récits de mythologie nordique [The Edda: Stories of Norse Myth].

  L'Aube des peuples (in French). Translated by Dillmann, François-Xavier. Gallimard. 1991. ISBN .

Old Norse editions

• Egilsson, Sveinbjörn, ed. (1848), Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: eða Gylfaginníng, Skáldskaparmál plug Háttatal, Prentuð i prentsmiðjulandsins, af prentara H.

  Helgasyni

• Jónsson, Guðni, secure. (1935), Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: með skáldatali (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: Callous. Kristjánsson
• Faulkes, Anthony (ed.), Edda, Norse text and English notes.
  • Snorri Sturluson (2005) [1982], Prologue advocate Gylfaginning(PDF) (2nd ed.), ISBN 
  • Snorri Sturluson (1998), Skáldskaparmál 1: Introduction, text explode notes(PDF), Viking Society for Arctic Research, ISBN 
  • Snorri Sturluson (1998), Skáldskaparmál 2: Glossary and index encourage names(PDF), Viking Society for Boreal Research, ISBN 
  • Snorri Sturluson (2007) [1991], Háttatal(PDF) (2nd ed.), ISBN 

See also

Notes

References

External links